4/23/2024 0 Comments Cardinal fetal movements labor![]() Ferning (crystallization of sodium chloride in a palm leaf pattern in amniotic fluid) usually confirms rupture of membranes. A sample of the secretions from the posterior vaginal fornix or cervix may be obtained, placed on a slide, air dried, and viewed microscopically for ferning. For example, the pH of vaginal fluid may be tested with nitrazine paper, which turns deep blue at a pH > 6.5 (pH of amniotic fluid: 7.0 to 7.6) false-positive results can occur if vaginal fluid contains blood or semen or if certain infections are present. If pooling is not seen, confirmation may require testing. However, if the location of the placenta is unknown or the placenta was low-lying on the most recent ultrasound, digital vaginal examination is contraindicated, and ultrasonography should be done as soon as possible. read more is typically ruled out with routine prenatal ultrasonography in the second trimester. It typically manifests as painless vaginal bleeding after 20 weeks gestation the source of bleeding. Placenta previa Placenta Previa Placenta previa is implantation of the placenta over or near the internal os of the cervix. read more (premature separation of the placenta) require immediate evaluation and management. Symptoms that are not associated with normal labor, such as persistent (rather than intermittent) abdominal or back pain, heavy vaginal bleeding, or hemodynamic instability, that suggest placental abruption Placental Abruption (Abruptio Placentae) Placental abruption (abruptio placentae) is premature separation of the placenta from the uterus, usually after 20 weeks gestation. read more, fetal or neonatal distress or abnormality) or postpartum (eg, postpartum hemorrhage Postpartum Hemorrhage Postpartum hemorrhage is blood loss of > 1000 mL or blood loss accompanied by symptoms or signs of hypovolemia within 24 hours after childbirth. The rate of cesarean delivery was 32% in the United States in 2021 (see March of Dimes: Delivery Method). ![]() read more, need for emergency cesarean delivery Cesarean Delivery Cesarean delivery is surgical delivery by incision into the uterus. Diagnosis is by examination or ultrasonography. read more, shoulder dystocia Fetal Presentation, Position, and Lie (Including Breech Presentation) Abnormal fetal lie or presentation may occur due to fetal size, fetal anomalies, uterine structural abnormalities, multiple gestation, or other factors. Hospital delivery has the advantage of having clinical staff and equipment immediately available if unexpected maternal and fetal complications occur during labor and delivery (eg, placental abruption Placental Abruption (Abruptio Placentae) Placental abruption (abruptio placentae) is premature separation of the placenta from the uterus, usually after 20 weeks gestation. Patients may have options of delivering at a hospital, birthing center, or at home. read more, cesarean delivery Cesarean Delivery Cesarean delivery is surgical delivery by incision into the uterus. read more, forceps or vacuum extractor delivery Operative Vaginal Delivery Operative vaginal delivery involves application of forceps or a vacuum extractor to the fetal head to assist during the second stage of labor and facilitate delivery. ![]() Induction of labor can be Medically indicated (eg, for preeclampsia. read more requires additional measures (eg, induction or augmentation of labor Induction of Labor Induction of labor is stimulation of uterine contractions before the onset of spontaneous labor to achieve vaginal delivery. ![]() Arrested labor is a complete pause in progress of labor. Management of labor protraction or arrest Protracted or Arrested Labor Protracted labor is abnormally slow cervical dilation or fetal descent during the first or second stage of labor.
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |